The Hobbit, By John Ronald Reuel Tolkien - 1501 Words

Love, an unrelenting potency, which has an impetuous cogency on one’s will to act, leading them to the peak of incertitude, and educing one’s neurosis. â€Å"This is the very ecstasy of love† (2.1.101). Literature throughout the ages has allegorized love in many antithetic contexts, whether it be: dear benevolence or quixotic love to amorous romance. Love can be descried, as the inception of perturbed emotions, and inconceivable incentives. However, it is not egregious in literature to delineate of the dismal satire of love. Be it love for another person; for satisfaction; or one’s aptitude and self-fortitude, this stimulus can motivate one to achieve even the most insurmountable of things. For instance, in John Ronald Reuel Tolkien’s†¦show more content†¦These two texts have both consonant and disparate concepts that surely contrast and compare to each other astutely, which consist of their respective plots, the personas of the main prot agonists, and the edifying influence of their themes. The Hobbit takes place in a bantam encampment, which resides near the outer periphery of the eccentric continent of Middle-Earth. This diminutive settlement is indwelled by its inhabitants, the Hobbits, a race which are kindred to human beings, they savor food; they listen to harmonious music, and are fond of inhabiting their â€Å"hole in the ground†¦.Not a nasty, dirty, wet hole, filled with the ends of worms and an oozy smell†¦.it was a hobbit-hole, and that means comfort.†(Tolkien, 1) On the outskirts of Bag End, near the edge of Bagshot Row in Hobbiton, lived a geriatric wizard named Gandalf, who was on the pursuance of being chaperoned with a valiant Hobbit on an adventure. He concurred to recruit Bilbo Baggins, a scion of the ‘Took’ family, a lineage of gallant Hobbits, who went on precarious adventures to the ‘Misty Mountains’, situated near the fringes of Hobbiton. Once, when G andalf visited Bag End, he sojourned Biblo, for his first time. However, when discerning the incentive of Gandalf’s visit, Bilbo timorously declined to his request, in spite of Gandalf remaining persistent. The next day, Gandalf

Pleasantville Film Analysis Essay - 765 Words

The film Pleasantville directed by Gary Ross is about two modern teenagers, David and his sister Jennifer, somehow being transported into the television, ending up in Pleasantville, a 1950s black and white sitcom. The two are trapped as Bud and Mary Sue in a radically different dimension and make some huge changes to the bland lives of the citizens of Pleasantville, with the use of the director’s cinematic techniques. Ross cleverly uses cinematic techniques such as colour, mise-en-scene, camera shots, costumes, music and dialogue to effectively tell the story. The town of Pleasantville is dull and this is reflected by its lack of colour - the town is completely black and white. Black and white life is simple and uncomplicated. However†¦show more content†¦Everyone in Pleasantville had a routine which was strictly followed day to day. Everyone wore the same style of clothes. Even the houses were the same, with picket fences adorning houses and everyone having the same car. Ross uses mise-en-scene to contrast idealistic, conservative American views and reality. He highlights the fact that the people of Pleasantville like everything to be kept to a routine. Their world has little time for change and is a complete contrast to realistic America. Fifties clothing was conservative. Men wore gray flannel suits and women wore dresses with pinched in waists and high heels. Gender roles were strongly held. Families worked together, played together and vacationed together at family themed entertainment. Indecent language was not used frequently. The biggest issue with reference to language used was the frequent use of God as an exclamation or declaration. Camera shots and angles are also used by Ross as a cinematic technique. The lack of engagement in class of a close up of David’s face is an example. David’s face show the expression of boredom and tiredness, as he listens to the teacher talk. Another example of a camera technique is the close up of David asking out a girl. It shows the strength and courage David has in him, but a long shot shows us that the girl is hundreds of meters away. This conveys that David is too socially inept toShow MoreRelatedPleasantville Analysis of Film Techniques against the Theme of Change2162 Words   |  9 PagesHow are we made aware of the filmmakers attitude towards change? Refer to three specific episodes from the film. (excl. concl. stages)In Pleasantville, the filmmaker, Gary Ross, conveys his attitude towards change through the characters of David and Jennifer who are transported into the 1950s sitcom Pleasantville. He doesnt necessarily demonstrate change to bear a positive res ult; rather, he addresses that change is essential to the development of society and self and that it is important toRead MorePleasantville1586 Words   |  7 PagesTiffany Niemiller November 15th, 2010 Utopia/Dystopia Dr. Viau Pleasantville Pleasantville is a great movie with many hidden messages. The not so obvious but informative messages are one of best aspects of this nineties flick. The special effects are impressive considering this movie is indeed from the nineties. Pleasantville touches base on many actual conflicts in America and throughout history in the most subtle but blunt way. My favorite thing about this movie is how it takes this blindRead MoreColor Change In Pleasantville889 Words   |  4 PagesPleasantville Analysis Essay In Pleasantville, Gary Ross uses â€Å"Across the Universe† In order to highlight the characters acceptance of their new world of change. The lyrics â€Å"Nothings gonna change my world† defines the thought process of the characters from Pleasantville. The instrument used in these defining words is the idea that, as much as the world around a person changes, the person will picture the happy days that they have experienced. The expression on the casts faces is the brief look

Nescafe and Its Enterprise Type Free Essays

Nescafe, one of the top ten most valuable brands in the world, has over 50% instant coffee market share of the world, followed by General Food, Maxwell House and Brooke Bond. It’s so successful that some people in some of the Asian country such as China think that instant coffee is the whole world of coffee in 1990s. Such impressive influences come from Nescafe’s insight on the market situation and its own capability, fast response and feasible strategies. We will write a custom essay sample on Nescafe and Its Enterprise Type or any similar topic only for you Order Now On this analysis, we will try to define instant coffee’s market as a standard cycle market. Giving its characteristic, we will see what strategy Nescafe created to maintain the sustainable growth and continue generating rents. We will give example on what Nescafe did in China to analyze the entry barrier, convergence, oligopolistic scale orchestration, etc. We consider instant coffee market as the standard cycle based on the following concerns: 1. Convergence: Both Nescafe and Maxwell were the earliest two instant coffee providers in China. They entered the market in late 1970s. For a decade from 1980 to 1990, coffee could be only found in Hotel and high-end restaurants, but not in stores or supermarkets. Those 10 years seems a conflict with the convergence of standard cycle which normally took around 4 years. However, because the demand on coffee was so low at that moment, I would not consider those 10 years as part of the convergence of standard cycle. Instead, I would say the convergence of instant coffee market started from 1990. At that moment, Chinese people was getting rich thanks to the reform and opening-up policy. Nevertheless, the price of a cup of Nescafe coffee is around 30 times of that of apples. In 1992, Nescafe started its production in China and making Nescafe cheaper and more accessible. Nescafe did exceptionally well in 1990s when it made â€Å"Nestle† a symbol of coffee. However, it didn’t take much long that the price of Nescafe dropped rapidly to the same as several apples. This time line fitted the standard cycle convergence. And today, we can see that a small bag of Nescafe costs less than an apple in the super markets. 2. Alignment As I said above, Nescafe played really well in the China market. It knew the market and its own capability, and adopted the right strategies. We will see how it did such a nice job in those 3 points separately: 3. Markets: China’s instant coffee was a brand new market back to 1990. There were no more than 5 companies providing instant coffee there. All of them were foreign companies and no one had its own factories in China. Foreign companies required approval from Chinese government to build factories there. In 1990s, Chinese instant coffee market was booming regarding to people’s acceptance on coffee an d large population base. As TV got more and more popular, brand loyalty were easier to build through advertisement and people tend to be sticky to the brand with the first taste. . 2 Capabilities: As the biggest instant coffee provider, Nescafe has the capital and reputation advantage to set up a factory in China. Its over 100 year management and marketing experience should help them to open emerging market easily. Its exceptionally and traditionally well-arranged and warm advertisement would touch the soul of the Chinese people. The entry barrier to set up an instant coffee factory was quite high. It not only required huge investment but also a minimum production which may exceed the market demand in the early stage of the market. 3. 3 Strategies: Nescafe set up its production line in 1992, and made effort to build up a strong sales network, management team which were not easy to duplicated by competitors. Meanwhile, they differentiate themselves as the high quality coffee provider at the very beginning, focusing on quality control and manufacturing process, keeping promoting that core value, so that they set up an reputation line that is hardly exceeded by its competitors. For a standard cycle market, an easy exit level is also very important. However, it’s not easy to achieve in the instant coffee market because it require a huge investment on property, plant and equipments. Once the market turns to competitive market as what it looks like today, the sunken investment would be huge and companies may have to keep producing and struggle to survive. 3. Segmentation of Cost Leadership and Differentiate We took Nescafe, Maxwell, Brooke Bond and some other local brand such as Super Coffeemix as example. Nescafe, Maxwell and Brooke Bond control over 70% of the instant coffee in China, and they are the oligopolistic players in the market. They differentiate themselves from quality, tastes, innovation and customer experiences. The rest 30% market share are controlled by many of the local small coffee producers who are competing on prices. Cost Leadership| Differentiate| Super CoffeeMix $5 / 100g| Nescafe $10 / 100g| Most other local brand| Brooke Bond $ 8. 2 / 100g| |   |   | Maxwell $ 7. 8 / 100g| From the above table, we can see that almost all of the Chinese local brand are in the circle of cost leadership because they are usually lack of systematic quality control, avoid excessive marketing investment, don’t need to concern social responsibility. Those brands took over 30% – 40% of the market share in Tier 2 cities in China. On the contrary, Nescafe, Brooke Bond, and Maxwell differentiated themselves with quality, various favors, and providers of coffee-along products such as sugar, milk power etc. They try to build some connection between their coffee and a sweet, relaxed and high quality life. An advertisement from Nescafe shows a lady sitting beside a round table, under a fantastic weather and enjoying her afternoon tea time with some dimsum. After tasting the Nescafe, she closed her eyes, seemed very pleased and satisfied, and appreciated â€Å"It tastes so good†. This advertisement happened in the 1990s and was so popular that making Nescafe as a symbol of sweet life. 4. Scale Orchestration’s four sections 5. 4 Scale: Nestle fully takes advantage of its scale. Nestle brought its Nescafe to China in 1978, and established its first factory in China in 1990. In 2010, Nestle accumulatively makes over 8. 3 billion RMB (around 1. 3 billion USD)Foreign Direct Investment in China , hires over 14,000 employees, runs 22 factories and sold out over 1. 5 million pieces of Nescafe products every day. It takes over 25% of the instant coffee in China, a market values over 5. billion RMB ( around 0. 8 billion USD) and grows over 15% per year. 5. 5 Learning: Nestle has a very well arranged and systematic employee training program. High-performing employees are invited to Headquarter in Swiss education center to have further management trainings. From 2000, Nestle China started the first two-year â€Å"Nestle (China) Management Development Plan† aiming to promote 500 local employees to management level in 2010 to enforce the localization strategy. Besides, Nestle also provides advanced technology and solutions to farmers and helps them to plant the high quality coffee bean in China. 5. Product: Nescafe has much more diversified products now than before. It has Nescafe 3+1, Nescafe Cappuccino, Nescafe Classic, Nescafe Decaf. It also has over 10 different favors, include powder bag and beverage, different package either to help making coffee easier or to be elegant to send as gift. Beyond the rich aroma and delicious tastes from the coffee, Nescafe try to provide further connection on efficiency, relaxation, stimulation, health and graveness through its products. 5. 7 Process: After over 20 year business running in China, Nescafe found its way to continue stable and sustainable growth in China. It has its Labeling Standards which is the instruction to define logo, color, letter font, paragraph distance, and Package Design Manual which makes sure package style and materials are globally standardized. Besides, Nescafe also cut down its global media partners to 5 major advertisement agents. This strategy not only helps Nescafe to have precise cost control, but also guarantee its advertisement to be in a more consistent format and to provide the same mainstream idea in a certain period. All those four section make a generic structure which helps Nescafe to be successful in a standard cycle. . Can Nescafe turn into a long-cycle market player? The critical element in the long-cycle market is the strong isolating mechanisms. The key player in the market set up the monopoly power by lifting the entry barriers, without spending too much investment to create economic scale. Can Nescafe try to set up some strong isolating mechanisms to take over the market? It’s possible but ve ry hard. 6. 8 Brand Lock-in As the earliest instant coffee producer who established a well-known brand name in China. Try to set up brand lock-in is the easiest way for Nescafe to create isolating mechanism. By heavy investment on media advisement, Nescafe is having loyalty from a majority of consumers who works in office and has to work late. 6. 9 Resource barriers Yunnan Province in China is the best place to cultivate coffee bean because of its mild wet weather. Nescafe convinced the local farmers to plant coffee bean from 1990s. Through last 20 years, Nescafe provided training to those farmers, increased the beans’ quality and production. If Nescafe is able to collect the best quality beans from Yunnan, it will set up resource barriers to prevent competitors from competing on quality. . Does the instant coffee market tend to turn into fast-cycle? Capital investment is not a critical entry barrier for instant coffee market any more. If tracking the instant coffee products in the market, we will see new products (new package, new favor or new cafe component, etc) are launched much faster than before. It’s not only because the taste of consumers are keeping changing quickl y, but also because instant coffee producers are investing more on RD and creating more selling ideas in order to maintain a sustainable profit. Regarding instant coffee is kind of commodity which is hard to differentiate, economics of scale would not help to keep the sustainability because price drops even faster. Besides, weak brand loyalty, rapid globalization even fading the product value. Nevertheless, it’s very difficult to minimize the exit barriers. Giving the competitive instant coffee market, there shouldn’t be any more new player joining it. In sum, Nescafe position itself quite well in the market, response quickly to market change, adopt suitable strategy to keep its sustainable growth. It’s a good example to analyze by using the tools we learned from course. How to cite Nescafe and Its Enterprise Type, Papers

Media Journal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

Question: Discuss about theMedia Journalfor Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. Answer: Media Journal- Current Indigenous Health and Well- being issues in Australia: Alcohol Abuse amongst the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Introduction: According to Dudgeon, Milroy Walker, (2014) the Indigenous Australians are not only a single group of people. There are two main groups, the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders. These both twoave their own different thoughts, ideas and beliefs. The indigenous people of Australia have developed the highest rate of ill- health and health related issues than any other racial groups of Australia (Kingsley, Townsend Henderson-Wilson, 2013). As The Australian Bureau of Statistics has surveyed it, it has been seen that there are around 477,000 indigenous people in Australia. Indigenous peoples are the group of the Australian community who are not financially and economically as well equipped as the non indigenous people of Australia(Lovett et al., 2014) A non-Indigenous Australian is estimated to live around a lifespan of 80 years, however, in the case of the Indigenous Australian, the life span is 70 years or even less (Dingwall et al., 2015). The issues regarding the health of the indigenous people are a common issue in Australia. The Indigenous people of Australia have twice the health related issues than the ordinary Australians and have 1.5 times more health issues related to disability and long- term health problems (Parker et al., 2014). The main health issues as seen in the Indigenous people are the rheumatic heart diseases, respiratory diseases, renal failure, mental disorder, bulging and incapability of the ear drum and others (Gibson-Helm et al., 2016). The main factors that may be held responsible for such conditions of the Aboriginals are the substance and alcohol abuse and poor arrangements for health services. As mentioned by Markwick et al., (2014) the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and drugs has been widely used by the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders and non- Indigenous Australians. However, the rate of consumption is very high in the case of the Indigenous than the non- Indigenous (Ramamoorthi et al., 2015). In this particular media portfolio, four articles on the topic of alcohol abuse amongst the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander peoples. The main source of information in the developed countries and societies is the mass media. For each of the media item given in this study, an analysis has been presented in the context to it. The key issues have been highlighted, its contribution to the currently chosen topics has been discussed and their links with the model and the approaches that are available on the topic have been shown. Article 1- Alcohol abuse behind high rates of early death among Indigenous, study finds https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/feb/20/alcohol-abuse-behind-high-rates-of-early-death-among-indigenous-study-finds Key Points and their Analysis: The current article on the alcohol abuse behind the early death rates among the Indigenous people of Australia was published in The Guardian. This article deals with the alcohol misuse and the alcohol consuming habit of the indigenous people of Australia. In the year 2015, according to a researcher, it has been mentioned that there are fewer indigenous people who consume alcohol than the non- indigenous people in Australia. However, among the aboriginal people who drink, they drank at a risky level and the excessive consumption of alcohol is associated with health related problems and social problems. It leads to liver diseases, heart diseases, diabetics, cancer and different other long term diseases. However, at times it also contributes to the injuries, accidents and at times deaths and suicide. It has also been estimated that the harms that is caused by alcohol holds for about 5.4% of the total disease and injuries among the indigenous people. How this Article Contributes to the Current Discussion: This particular study is on current health issues and the well-being of the indigenous people and the impacts of the alcohol abuse amongst the indigenous people and the Torres Strait Islander. This article shows the impact of the consuming of alcohol on the health and the lives of the aboriginal people of Australia. The indigenous people due to several mental and physical pressure and reasons are inclined more towards the consumption of high amount of alcohol.This habit leads them towards several health issues such as lung problems, foetal problems and others and finally death. To control these, the government has established many laws restricting the sale of the alcohol and purchase of the alcohol by the indigenous people. Different region were created Dry region or the Restricted regions where the sale, purchase or drinking of alcohol was prohibited by the means of laws. However, these restrictions were of limited effectiveness in overcoming the desire of alcohols in the indigenous people. The non- indigenous used to sell alcohol illegally to the indigenous people at a higher rate to make profit. Links to Model and Approaches: From the estimation of the survey that was done by the National Drug Strategy Household Services in the year 2015, it was found that out of the total 67% Aboriginals over the age of 14 years have consumed alcohol in the past 12 months. From this percentage of alcohol consumers, about 20%, including 17% men and 13% women, consume alcohol at a very high risk level (Stevens, Paradies, 2014). As mentioned by Doyle et al. (2015) social exclusion is the limitation of capabilities and prohibition to access the opportunities. However, it could not be termed as inadequate amount of economic resources or as deprivation of the social necessities. It is actually about the insufficient participation and connectedness with the generals mass (Garcia et al., 2016). The Aboriginals and the Torres Islanders could also be linked with this as they also lack in the connecting and participating with the common population of Australia. On the hand, as mentioned by Jayaraj et al. (2012) the social inclusio n that is the opportunities to participate, connection with the society a have rights of being heard needs to be implemented in the case of the indigenous people. This would provide the Indigenous group to come forward and connect with the rest of the population of the society. This would provide them with chances of getting employment and economic equipped in the general society as well (Marel, MacLean, Midford, 2015). Personal Reflection on this Issue: From the personal point of view, from this article I have gained knowledge about the issue of early death rates of the indigenous people due to high level consuming of alcohol. However, apart from this, I have also earned knowledge about the reason behind the imprisonment of the Aboriginals. The dry zones, areas that banned the consumption of alcohol in the region, were made as to control the drinking habits of the indigenous people however they were still caught drinking in such areas and fined heavily and the indigenous people unable to pay the fine, they end up in the jails. From this we can understand the level of addiction and dependency of the indigenous people to consume alcohol. Article 2- Aboriginal people and alcohol: Not predisposition https://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/aboriginal-people-and-alcohol-not-a-genetic-predisposition-1.2660167 Key Points and their Analysis: This particular article on the predisposition for alcohol by the indigenous people has been published in the CBC News. This article is from Canada and this is being used in this research study to show that the Aboriginal health and alcohol issues is now not only concentrated within the Australia, the other countries are also presenting their view on this. This articles does not only speaks about the effects and the diseases that are caused due to high level of alcohol consumption in the Aboriginal communities but also about the reasons and the sources because of which the there is such high rate of alcohol consuming amongst the indigenous people of both Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders. There is stereotype belief that the indigenous people have a genetic attraction towards the consumption of alcohol. However, this is not true says Dr. Joel Ketter, an associate professor at University of Manitobas faculty. He is also a former chief public health officer of the province. Dr. Ketter states that the intolerance in the indigenous people for the alcohol persists is not genetics or in their blood but this alcoholism is the result of different social and mental conditions. The belief insists on the genetics for such habituate of the Aboriginals however, there is no scientific proof that would support the belief of genetic predisposition for alcohol intolerance of the Indigenous people. Although there will always be some or the theory presented on the topic in the favour of the genetics. DR. Kettner identifies main reason behind the alcohol consumption of the indigenous to be poverty, the social circumstances, the social conditions and others. How this Article Contributes to the Current Discussion: This study is about the effects of the alcohol abuse on the health and the society of the indigenous people of Australia and this article mainly emphasises on the reasons behind such high alcohol consumption level of the indigenous society. The article reveals that the reason behind the alcohol consuming habit of the indigenous people is not due to genetic, the main reason is the poverty, social and the mental pressure through which the aboriginal people have to go through. Although this article directly does not helps in analysing the effects of alcohol on the indigenous people, it still provides its contribution in this study as without knowing the roots of the problem, the results could not be discussed. The study reveals the facts due to which the indigenous people are exposed to these habits of high level of alcohol consumption. The articles shows that the problem such as the poor housing, poverty level and the oppressing of the indigenous community are the main reasons due to w hich the indigenous people are getting more inclining towards the alcoholism. These are the sectors that need to be worked on in order to reduce the number of alcohol abuse in the indigenous society. Links to Model and Approaches: The indigenous people of Australia as mentioned above face the issue regarding the health and mortality twice the normal or the non- indigenous people of Australia. According to Brett et al., (2015), this inequality in the health status the two communities are unavoidable. These inequalities in the health status of the indigenous and the non indigenous people are because of the inequality in the society of the two communities (Gubhaju et al., 2013). As mentioned by Lee et al., (2014) the lifestyle that both the societies live in has a major impact on the health of the people of the society. The indigenous community is considered to be the most backward community in Australia. However, the other communities have modernized (Campbell et al., (2013). As both the societies are not equally developed and advanced and the indigenous people do not have the same employment, education and other opportunities for the non indigenous people (Parker Milroy, 2014). The different social factors th at operate within the society include the family disputes, local or regional disputes, unemployment, poverty, stress and other factors are the main factors that lead the indigenous people in this path of alcoholism and mortality (Cussen, Payne Marks, 2014). Personal Reflection on this Issue: The personal view on this article would that be that the alcohol consuming habit of the indigenous people should be lowered as consequences can be adverse. The reasons identified varied with different social and cultural norms of the societies of the indigenous people. According to my perception, the basic idea is that alcohol predisposition is that the people have an inclination towards alcohol irrespective of genetic factors. The main reason that drivers alcohol intake in aboriginal population is poverty and the living standard accompanied by many different factors too. This study has helped to come over the stereotype belief earlier that the aborigines and the Torres Strait Islanders have a genetic problem that prepositions them for consuming alcohol. However, as per mu understanding alcohol consumption is primarily due to pressures created by society as well as nature of alcohol that creates a sense of tolerance. Drinking to die in Aboriginal communities, says Sharman Stone https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/drinking-to-die-in-aboriginal-communities-says-sharman-stone/news-story/d4fa18fbf02e4b890351d72d4507c5b4 Key Points and their Analysis: This article has been published in The Australian. The main key point of this article is drinking to die- the Aboriginal people were consuming excessive alcohols in order to die. As stated in the article Liberal MP Sharman Joshi, the Chairwoman of the Housing Standing Committee on Indigenous Communities has heard in some research that many of the indigenous people were consuming excess of alcohol purposely. The Indigenous of the region were drinking excessive amount of alcohol to die so that they could get rid of the deep feeling of helplessness of the racism, backwardness and boredom of their society. This high amount of alcohol consumption had its consequences as poor health situation and its long-term affect, high incarceration rate, disability and mental problems. This article has also focused on the other issues that are also caused due to alcohol consumption in the Indigenous people. Other such issues include the fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder which at its peak in the case of the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders. Due to this disorder the new generation of children that are born would face brain damage issues and this would not let them to lead a normal life. Lights have also been given on the facts that there are many indigenous communities where alcohol is sold at rates that are even cheaper than the bottled packaged water. There had been many attempts from the government to stop this always ready supply of alcohol and creation of the dry regions. However, this has not been of any help to reduce the issue. How this Article Contributes to the Current Discussion: This article approaches the specific topic through incorporation of tax on liquor so to reduce harm to the indigenous people as the supply is driving the demand. This article also tells about the different other harmful issue that can be highlighted as the social and economic determinants as poverty, mental health, unemployment, grief and loss experience, boredom, ease of access, acceptance by culture on drunkenness and alcohol cost are the primary factors for incessant consumption of alcohol. The fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are major problems that are also seen in the indigenous people. However, self killing due to alcohol consumption is the result of social causes practised by indigenous people. Links to Model and Approaches: The links and model are highlighted by the supply and demand of alcohol in Australia in aboriginal communities. The demand of alcohol has been seen growing due to availability. However, as said by Sharman Stone, manipulating the supply would not be enough as there is social discomfort as well as boredom in the communities (Martin, 2015). Moreover, if the health outcomes like diabetics, liver disorders, heart diseases, respiratory problems and in some cases even cancer are highlighted then also a person consumes it. Apart from this natural consequences there are also other consequences such as accident and injuries due to it, harms to the community and own family. Scott (2015) mentions excess alcohol drinking by a woman when she is pregnant would cause her unborn child with fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. This is followed by physical and behavioural disorders, learning problems and some mental disorders and brain damage issues that are caused to the unborn baby due to alcohol consumption by the mother during her pregnancy (Davis et al., 2015). Personal Reflection on this Issue: As per my consideration, aboriginal communities have to face atrocities and as they cannot handle the social problems, they resort to drinking alcohol. Moreover, excessive drinking has been leading to death as alcohol is readily available and the supply is able to meet the demand. Therefore, it enlightens the fact that the indigenous people are aware of the consequences and the effects of drinking such high amount of alcohol but they drink it purposely. According to indigenous people, they feel they are the most backward community in Australia and are depressed about this social disadvantages and the racial discrimination that they have to suffer. The Australian kids unlikely to ever the age of 69 https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/the-australian-kids-unlikely-to-ever-grow-old-beyond-the-age-of-69/news-story/9c3eea372f4e22aad60782923917730e Key Points and their Analysis: The present article was published in News.com.au and it put alight of the average life span inequality of the indigenous and the non- indigenous people. The average lifespan of a normal Australian is 79 for males and 83 for females and that for the indigenous males and females it is 69 and 73 respectively. There is almost a 10 years gap between lifespan of the two communities. However, many of the indigenous die even before reaching the estimated age. Although out of the total 23 million population of Australia, the indigenous people make about 3% of the population that is around 470,000 still they are not provided with good education system, professional health solutions and proper health services and facilities. Drugs and alcohol abuse also ahs its devastating impact on this community. In fact, the alcohol abuse has been identified one of the key problem of this region. There is also child mortality problem in the region, which is also an impact of alcohol abuse by the women of the society. The violence and catastrophe that has been created due to the alcohol and drug abuse in the region is also a great advantage in the process of reducing the alcohol consequences in the indigenous community. How this Article Contributes to the Current Discussion: The current discussion on alcohol and drug usage in Australian population has been incorporated due to the problems faced by aboriginal communities because of high intake of alcohol. As a result, Palin (2016), is of the view that this is directly affecting the average lifespan of the indigenous Australians. Although, the media is highlighting the different implementations undertaken by the government but there is no certain change. Moreover, these communities constitute of prison population, which shows that incarceration rate has been rising with rising death rates as well as alcohol drinkers in aboriginal population of Australia. Links to Model and Approaches: The model that this article links is with average expectancy rate of the aboriginal communities of Australia. Moreover, this has been supported by Brett et al. (2015) which depicts that the indigenous Australian communities are in an increasing phenomenon of dying faster than the non- indigenous Australian dies. This happens because of the high level of alcohol consumption issue in the community. In addition, the average lifespan has been compared with the death rates for the indigenous people, which are growing and are around 5- 19 times more than that of the non- indigenous people. However, various health issues lower average lifespan of the individual as well due to rise in alcohol consumption. As shown by Doolan et al. (2013), the alcohol is responsible for suicides among these communities accounts for almost 40% of the male and 30% of the female suicides. Personal Reflection on this Issue: According to my personal concern, the alcohol and drugs has a devastating impact on the original inhabitants of Australia. The increasing death rates of aboriginal communities is calling for concern, which is guided by the government in taking steps for reducing the early death rates in the indigenous society. However, through different approaches and models government is trying to take active measure in eliminating racism and other social issues so that the communities can survive and as a result, the death rates will decrease in long run. Conclusion: From the analysing of the above articles the level, reasons and the consequences of alcohol abuse among the indigenous people of both the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders. There are different fatal and life risking consequences of the alcohol abuse in the community of the indigenous. The summary of the article and the main issues and points in the articles are discussed in the key points and analysis part of the study. The contribution to this study holds the reasons of how the current articles contribute to the chosen topic. The links to the approaches and the model supports the article by linking them to the different models, theories and models on the topic. However, the personal reflection part shows the knowledge gained by the researcher from the articles and the viewpoint of the researcher on the current topic. Reference: Brett, J., Ivers, R., Doyle, M., Lawrence, L., Conigrave, K. (2015). Should naltrexone be the first-line medicine to treat alcohol dependence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations? An Australian perspective.Australian family physician,44(11), 815. Brett, J., Lee, K. S., Gray, D., Wilson, S., Freeburn, B., Harrison, K., Conigrave, K. (2015). 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